THE EVALUATION OF THE COMPETITIVE POTENTIAL AND PERFORMANCE OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN THE EU COUNTRIES BASED ON A SYNTHETIC INDEX
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2022.03.109.08Słowa kluczowe:
agri-food sector, EU countries, competitive potential, competitive performance, international competitiveness, synthetic index, taxonomic methodsAbstrakt
Purpose – This paper presents the results of an assessment of the aggregated competitiveness of the
agricultural sector in the EU member states. The authors sought answers to the following questions:
What is the general level of competitiveness of the agricultural sector in the European Union? Which
countries are leaders in the EU and which are outsiders in this area?
Research method – The analyses were based on a set of intentionally selected multi-criteria indicators
and taxonomic methods. An aggregated Competitiveness Index (CI) was designed, which allowed
evaluating and classifying EU countries into categories in terms of the studied phenomenon. The
analysis draws upon data derived from the World Bank’s and Eurostat statistical databases, and the
assessment covered two years – 2004 and 2018.
Results – The mean CI in 2018 for all the evaluated countries was 0.1701, while in the base year it
was 0.1942, which means that in the analysed years the general competitiveness level of agricultural
sectors in the EU member states declined. Considering the possible range of CI (0.1), this level was
very low in both analysed years. The general competitiveness level fell due to: the reduced use of fertilisers,
decrease in the relative export orientation, smaller area of arable land and a decline in employment
in agriculture.
Originality/value/implications/recommendations – The analysis of the agricultural sector presented in this
paper, using a comprehensive index, is the approach that has not been previously applied, taking into
account the selection of the components of a comprehensive index, which was made on the basis of the literature studies. The proposed index allowed classifying the countries of the European Union
according to both their resources and performance in production and trade in the agricultural sector
and comparing the position they occupied in 2004 and in 2018.
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Bielik P., Qineti A., 2009, The position of Czech and Slovak Agro-food Trade in the European
Markets, “Delhi Business Review”, vol. 10(1), pp. 43–53.
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countries, “Food Policy”, vol. 34, pp. 417–425.
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A Fifteen-Year Retrospective, “International Food and Agribusiness Management
Review”, vol. 18(2), pp. 37–62.
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and comparative approach. 2018-AAEA Annual meeting, Agricultural and
Applied Economics Association (AAEA). USA., Washington, D.C., United
States. 22 p. hal-01964294.
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European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM (2019)
640 final: Brussels.
European Commissison, Act of 17 March 2009, Enterprise and Industry Directorate
General, Food Industry Unit. Report on the Competitiveness of the European Agro-Food
Industry, High Level Group on the Competitiveness of the Agro-Food Industry.
Ferro E., Otsuki T., Wilson J.S., 2015, The Effect of Product Standards on Agricultural
Exports, “Food Policy”, vol. 50, pp. 1–35, DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.10.016.
Figiel Sz., Kufel J., 2013, Macroeconomic Performance and International Competitiveness of the
Agro-Food Sectors in the EU Countries: Implications for the Future CAP, “Procedia –
Social and Behavioral Sciences”, vol. 81, pp. 405–410, DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.
2013.06.451.
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no. 2, Institute of Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern Europe
(IAMO), Halle (Saale), http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:2-22616 [date
of entry: 23.10.2022].
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International Trade, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Fura B., Stec M., Miś T., 2020, Statistical Evaluation of the Level of Development of Circular
Economy in European Union Member Countries, “Energies”, vol. 13, 6401, DOI: 10.
3390/en13236401.
Godlewska J., Sidorczuk-Pietraszko E., 2019, Taxonomic Assessment of Transition to the
Green Economy in Polish Regions, “Sustainability”, vol. 11, p. 5098, DOI: 10.3390/
su11185098.
Gorynia M., 2000, Luka konkurencyjna w przedsiębiorstwach a przystąpienie Polski do Unii
Europejskiej, [w:] Konkurencyjność gospodarki Polski w dobie integracji z Unią Europejską
i globalizacji, Bossak J., Bieńkowski W. (red.), Kolegium Gospodarki Światowej
SGH, Warszawa, vol. 2.
Grzebyk M., Stec M., 2015, Sustainable Development in EU Countries: Concept and Rating
of Levels of Development, “Sustainable Development”, vol. 23, pp. 110–123.
Harvey D., Hubbard C., Gorton M., Tocco B., 2017, How Competitive is the EU’s Agri-
Food Sector? An Introduction to a Special Feature on EU Agri-Food Competitiveness,
“Journal of Agricultural Economics”, vol. 68(1), pp. 199–205, DOI: 10.1111/
1477-9552.12215.
Hatzichronoglou T., 1996, Globalisation and Competitiveness: Relevant Indicators, OECD
Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, DOI: 10.1787/8855110
61376.
Hellwig Z., 1968, Zastosowanie metody taksonomicznej do typologicznego podziału krajów ze
względu na poziom ich rozwoju oraz zasoby i strukturę wykwalifikowanych kadr, „Przegląd
Statystyczny”, nr 4, pp. 307–326.
Jarocka M., 2015, Wybór formuły normalizacyjnej w analizie porównawczej obiektów wielocechowych,
„Ekonomia i Zarządzanie”, nr 1, pp. 113–126.
Jarosz-Angowska A., 2018, Labour Productivity and Competitive Position in International
Trade of the Euro Area Countries – Comparative Analysis, [in:] Proceedings of the 4th
International Conference on European Integration, Ostrava, Czech Republic,
May 17–18.
Kasztelan A., 2020, How Circular Are the European Economies? A Taxonomic Analysis
Based on the INEC (Index of National Economies’ Circularity), “Sustainability”, vol. 12,
p. 7613, DOI: 10.3390/su12187613.
Kasztelan A., 2021, On the Road to a Green Economy: How Do European Union Countries
‘Do Their Homework’?, “Energies”, vol. 14, p. 5941, DOI: 10.3390/en14185941.
Kasztelan A., Jarosz-Angowska A., Nowak A., Krukowski A., 2021, Konkurencyjna
biogospodarka szansą dla zrównoważonego rozwoju krajów Unii Europejskiej, Instytut
Naukowo-Wydawniczy „Spatium” Sp. z o.o., Radom.
Kasztelan A., Nowak A., 2021, Construction and Empirical Verification of the Agri-Environmental
Index (AEI) as a Tool for Assessing the Green Performance of Agriculture,
“Energies”, vol. 14(45), pp. 1–12, DOI: 10.3390/en14010045.
Keenleyside C., Tucker G., 2010, Farmland Abandonment in the EU: An Assessment of
Trends and Prospects, Report Prepared for WWF, Institute for European
Environmental Policy, London, UK and Brussels, Belgium.
Kijek A., 2013, Ryzyko sektorowe przemysłu przetwórczego. Modelowanie i ocena,
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, Lublin.
Kijek A., Kijek T., Nowak A., Skrzypek A., 2019, Productivity and its convergence in agriculture
in new and old European Union member states, “Agricultural Economics –
Czech”, vol. 65(1), pp. 01–09, DOI:10.17221/262/2017-AGRICECON.
Kita K., Adenauer M., 2015, The international competitiveness of Polish agri-food products on
the NAFTA market under the trade-liberalization process, “Journal of Agribusiness and
Rural Development”, vol. 2(36), pp. 245–256, DOI: 10.17306/JARD.2015.26.
Kukuła K., 2000, Metoda unitaryzacji zerowanej, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa.
Łogwiniuk K., 2011, Zastosowanie metod taksonomicznych w analizie porównawczej dostępu do
infrastruktury ICT przez młodzież szkolną w Polsce, „Ekonomia i Zarządzanie”, nr 3,
pp. 7–23.
Mantino F., Localised Agri-food Systems in Italy: strategies for competitiveness and role of institutional
factors, [in:] Proceedings of the EAAE 2014 Congress ‘Agri-Food and
Rural Innovations for Healthier Societies’ Ljubliana, Slovenia.
Martin L., Westgren R., van Duren E., 1991, Agribusiness Competitiveness across National
Boundaries, “American Journal of Agricultural Economics”, vol. 73(5), pp. 1456–
1464, DOI:10.2307/1242402.
Metody oceny rozwoju regionalnego, 2006, Strahl D. (red.), Wydawnictwo Akademii
Ekonomicznej we Wrocławiu, Wrocław.
Montoriol-Garriga J., 2019, Spain’s agrifood industry: business structure and productivity,
Sector analysis: Agrifood, Caixa Bank Research, https://www.caixabankresearch.
com/en/sector-analysis/agrifood/spains-agrifood-industry-business-structureand-
productivity [date of entry: 23.10.2022].
Nowak A., 2017, Konkurencyjność rolnictwa Polski Wschodniej, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu
Przyrodniczego w Lublinie, Lublin.
OECD, 2008, Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators, [in:] Methodology and User
Guide, OECD Publishing, Paris, France.
Pawlak K., 2013, Międzynarodowa zdolność konkurencyjna sektora rolno-spożywczego krajów
Unii Europejskiej, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu, Poznań.
Pawlak K., Poczta W., 2020, Competitiveness of Polish Agriculture in the Context of Globalization
and Economic Integration – Competitive Potential and Position, „Zagadnienia Ekonomiki
Rolnej”, nr 4(365), pp. 86–107.
Poczta W., Pawlak K., 2010, Potencjał polskiego rolnictwa pięć lat po akcesji do UE jako
przesłanka jego konkurencyjności, „Wieś i Rolnictwo”, nr 1(146), pp. 21–47.
Popescu G.H., Nicoale I., Nica E., Vasile A.J., Andreea I.R., 2017, The influence of
land-use change paradigm on Romania’s agro-foodtrade competitiveness – An overview, “Land
Use Policy”, vol. 61, pp. 293–301, DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.10.032.
Renwick A., Jansson T., Verburg P.H., Revoredo-Giha C., Britz W., Gocht A.,
McCracken D., 2013, Policy reform and agricultural land abandonment in the EU, “Land
Use Policy”, vol. 30(1), pp. 446–457, DOI:10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.04.005.
Rey Benayas J.M., Martins A., Nicolau J.M., Schulz J.J., 2007, Abandonment of agricultural
land: an overview of drivers and consequences, CAB Reviews: perspectives in
Agriculture, “Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources”, vol. 2, no.
57, pp. 1–14.
Roe T.L., 2000, Competitiveness of U.S. agriculture: concepts, issues, and policy: discussion,
“American Journal of Agricultural Economics”, vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 1234–1237.
Rumankova L., Kuzmenko E., Benesova I., Smutka L., 2022, Selected EU Countries
Crop Trade Competitiveness from the Perspective of the Czech Republik, “Agriculture”,
vol. 12, no. 127, DOI: 10.3390/agriculture12020127.
Sandrey R.A., Scobie M., 1994, Changing International Competitiveness and Trade: Recent
Experience in New Zealand Agriculture, “American Journal of Agricultural Economics”,
vol. 76, no. 5, pp. 1041–1046.
Sharples J.A., 1990, Cost of Production and Productivity in Analyzing Trade and Competitiveness,
“American Journal of Agricultural Economics”, vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 1278–
1282.
Strojny J., 2010, Ocena konkurencyjności międzynarodowej gospodarki rolno-żywnościowej
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THE EVALUATION OF THE COMPETITIVE POTENTIAL AND PERFORMANCE OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN THE EU COUNTRIES BASED ON A SYNTHETIC INDEX. (2022). Optimum. Economic Studies, 3 (109), 102-118. https://doi.org/10.15290/oes.2022.03.109.08
